This will to power can find unrefined expression in the rape, pillage, and torture of primitive barbarians, or it can be refined into a cruelty turned against oneself, struggling to make oneself deeper, stronger, and with an independent mind. The Third Reich is emphasized as an eternal empire to add to this illusionthe illusion that there is no room to doubt the Nazi plan. Nonetheless, Nietzsche can be easily misread as a Nazi, and the fact that it is so tempting to see Nietzsche not as warning against totalitarianism, but as rooting for totalitarianism, could be taken by some to be an indicator that Nietzsche has some views which overlap with the Nazis. Those are attributes that fit particularly well with the ascetic ideal. The ascetic ideal preaches self-denial, delusion, and reactivity. Eichmann felt the temptation to not kill (Eichmann in Jerusalem, 150) instead of the typical temptation to kill as the immoral action to be avoided. When a German woman says, The Russians will never get us. He resists it with every fiber of his being.12 For Nietzsche, we must stop wasting time and energy hoping to change things, improve them, make An Introduction to Nietzsche as Political Thinker: the Perfect Nihilist. If Nietzsche would not have been surprised by the features of totalitarian government, it was because he saw how seductive their lies were. -good was As I written in another article about immortality (just look up immortality in this site's search bar), it definitely has a negative consequence when it entails inhibiting the same space for all eternity, because that would mean that specific space won't ever be used by the next generations, thus contributing to a potential overpopulation, should such thing ever occur. He claims that language is the means to transform a groups moral compass. Eichmann describes his own idealism as being prepared to sacrifice for his idea everything and, especially, everybody (Eichmann in Jerusalem, p. 42). However, that moral failure certainly was present and Arendt pinpoints the cause as not just the seductiveness of the ascetic ideal, but also the lack of measures a community would have to combat an ideology. He said that even if it didn't mean _ preservation, we should seek to be _. For Nietzsche, psychological growth is one of the most important things there is. Nietzsche points out the weakness of human as well as of God. This is why at least I, for once, would choose to live a life of eternal return if given the chance. It is born from slave morality and resentment, and evolves into something self-hating and contradictory. Nietzsches comment was specifically targeted against Judeo-Christian ideology and not people who are Jewish in general. This is the lie that the ascetic ideal necessitates. Nietzsches genealogy tends to omit talk about the importance of objective morals, and this is the thread that Arendt picks up and runs with. Argument 18. The king wan ted to know wha t was best and most excellen t thing for hu man b eing s. Silenuss response might just be the most pessimistic view of human existence possible: Free UK p&p over 10, online orders only. Routledge, 2007. However, most would not entertain this viewespecially Nietzsche.He would not view membership to a certain race as a mark of superiority. In Nietzsche, there is an emphasis on the need for the strong and sovereign to be alone and separate from the pack. On the Genealogy of Morality: a Polemic. To take a specific example of language being twisted in the service of Nazism Judenrein is a word which refers to Germany being cleansed of Jews (The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany, 279). In a different work, Nietzsche also referred to anti-semites as screamers (Beyond Good and Evil, 8.251), showing his contempt for their unnecessary hatred and fear. Successful tragedy for Nietzsche constitutes the sealing of a change not so much in what one is but in the naturalness by which one is able to deal in one's life and history with the historically evolving conditions that affect a culture. Instead, we should realize that it is through our difficult experiences that we become resilient and more appreciative of life. Killing can be rationalized as a medical matter, and once it is considered as medical it is not considered morally, which eases the cognitive dissonance in every Nazi member who would rationalize that what they are doing is right. It serves to indicate Nietzsche He despised _ because of his view. On his own account, Eichmann was not aware that Nazism would require something much more brutal from him until he was ordered as such by Himmler. In order to do evil, the evil must be rationalized. Ansell-Pearson, Keith. Nietzsche makes a fantastic and, on the face of it, outrageous claim when he says that the ascetic ideal is a will to nothingness (On the Genealogy of Morality, 66) and is against reason and life. These code words are not meant to mislead when used between bearers of secrets (as is mandatory); all parties fully understand the meaning of each term. Believers felt uplifted because they held Gods attention. She says that justice is objective, and even if every Nazi in Germany is guilty of a horrible crime through their willingness to cooperate, they should all be considered unjust (Eichmann in Jerusalem, 278). Nonetheless, the ascetic ideal can be expressed in other places as well, and I believe that totalitarianism is an excellent fit. Nietzsche describes Jewish people as that priestly people ofressentimentpar excellence (On the Genealogy of Morality, 31), which may seem to run contrary to the thesis of this essay since Jews were the targets of the Nazis, and Nietzsche seems to be speaking out against Jews in that passage. This can be contrasted with Nietzsches tendency to speak of people as agents of an ideology which they will always fall victim to (or at least most people will). It is worth confronting the fact that the Nazis appropriated Nietzsche. The shepherd and the Nazis both use terms that would distance the agent from their act, and from the people who they are wronging (or place themselves above those who they are wronging), in order to make an artificial construct (what is good for the eternal empire) the only consideration. Vintage Books, 2011. In part due to illness which hampered his ability to write for an extended period of time, most of Nietzsches writings appear as aphorisms and short essays rather than sustained works. Temptation is not a simple enemy, so ours will not be a simple victory, but in Christ it will be sure. It also must be constantly changing to be most effective. Using terms which are medical, cold, and detached, it serves to reinforce the idea that Nazi members are all cogs in one great machine. Between Past and Future: Six Exercises in Political Thought. The Nazi program had to be commonly accepted to be effective, and as such its escalation was gradual. Surely the German philosopher's ideal immortality is not one that unnecessarily repeats itself with no true content, because that would miss the point of its existence to begin with. Nietzsches analysis of the ascetic ideal relies on a linguistic genealogy (On the Genealogy of Morality, 13). Stern, Joseph Peter. A Life of Friedrich Nietzsche is published by Faber. When discussing the ascetic ideal, Nietzsche takes the example of Christianity in On The Genealogy of Morality, and that is why priesthoodamong other Christian termsis used to describe the ascetic ideal. You could, however, have a different set of choices, and see how life would play out then, but it still means you will get to experience the same inevitable situations that might occur as a result of your actions, including situations of the same nature as well, that might affect you beyond your control, like political events or even an event as the COVID19 pandemic. 16 What the audience learns in Nietzsche's anti-Aristotelian understanding is not that Oedipus suffers from hamartia -a fatal error from the consequences of which It might be tempting to think that the rightness of a decision could be affixed by some external moral or religious standard, but Nietzsche wants his readers to resist this temptation. Eichmann in Jerusalemgives a solution to the philosophical problem of how to make meaning of life without falling prey to the ascetic ideala solutionwhich Nietzsche never explicitly states in his work. The account of Eichmanns trial given by Hannah Arendt makes Nietzches warnings in his On the Genealogy of Moralitystarkly clear in their accuracy and relevance. Do we continue to live just because suicide is largely frowned upon, and none of us actually likes living, even if it sucks to live, every now and then? Nietzsche's Eternal Return and the Temptation of Immortality, Perhaps one of Nietzsche's greatest contributions to philosophy is his idea of the. He will swear by oaths, then abandon them as required. Man wills the good, "God" wills the good, and yet evil happens. A yes-sayer to life, Nietzsche confirmed joyously that one could live, act and create without God, believing in nothing. I believe that Nietzsche posed the problem which Arendt solved. Stackelberg, Roderick. In this respect, Nazis are encouraged to turn against their own consciences, and against themselves. Stopping Nazism takes a unified no, with no cracks or compromises. Furthermore, the bearers of secrets (Eichmann in Jerusalem, 85) consider themselves worthy arbiters of justice, similar to the way that the ascetic priest fulfills the role of a shepherd, guiding the masses to what the priest considers an ideal outcome, even without agreement of those masses. Nietzsche's own well-known disavowal of all system building aspirations. Friedrich Nietzsche circa 1890. They are ultimately all we can answer for and point to in the architecture of our character. In order to believe that a Nietzschean analysis of Hitler would condone his actions, it must be shown that white supremacists are truly superior, and that they do deserve to be called more noble than others and should be shown deference as a result. Nonetheless, that there can be superior people is a view that may lead to conclusions similar to Nazism, depending on what it is that makes a person truly deserving of being called noble. Nietzsche believes social forces like the ascetic ideal are too strong for all but a few to resist, and perhaps that is why his thinking results in giving only a few people apart from the crowd the distinction of sovereignty. That is how much a truly content person would truly feel and act, if given the chance. parts where Nietzsche examines the ascetic ideal, The Genealogy of Morals is unequalled by any other of his works; and, in the light which it throws upon the attitude of the ecclesiast to man of resentment and misfortune, it is one of the most valuable contributions to sacerdotal psychology Interpreting Feeling: Nietzsche on the Emotions and the Self Erika Kerruish Abstract Nietzsches aspiration to have and not have ones emotions seems an impossible one. That hatred and fear is characteristic of slave morality. I believe a Nietzschean analysis would show that Hitler was, as Keith Ansell Pearson states, a man whose whole being was pervaded by feelings of deep-seated resentment and poisonous revenge, and he can hardly be held up as an example of Nietzsches model of the noble individual (An Introduction to Nietzsche as a Political Thinker, 33). To even use such a word is to validate the assumptions that come with it. Remember the concept of the "New Game Plus"? Nietzsche is one of the most difficult thinkers in the Western canon to think through. However, Nietzsche believes that it is possible because of his special understanding of the nature of the emotions and their relationship to the self. 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The Eternal Return is like a Monkey's Paw; you get to live forever, but get the same experiences over and over again, from the most harmful, to the most beautiful. The will to a system', Nietzsche adds, 'is a lack of integrity. The need for purity is the need to eliminate and kill. To order a copy for 21.50 (RRP 25) go to guardianbookshop.com or call 0330 333 6846. Why writing the same articles again when you can write more and thus preserve your content -- the same feeling he intended to be eternally felt in that scenario? Similarly, the ascetic ideal requires a constant transformation of values to change and redirect the direction of the ressentiment(On the Genealogy of Morality, 92). Of course, that would entail wanting very specific things -- hence the abstinence part, the choice of avoiding, even if it means defying the YOLO philosophy of today, otherwise known as "You Only Live Once". Cambridge University Press, 1981. This is a fitting place to begin, as it gives us a sense of the life-affirming essence of Nietzsches worldview: his supreme distaste for things which he saw as denying life, or diminishing ones ability Eichmann in Jerusalem: a Report on the Banality of Evil. However, it would not necessarily restart everything that you have done, because Nietzsche's immortality is about content, and not living like Sisyphus, who done the same pointless job over and over again with no real fruit. Viking Press, Kaufmann, Walter Arnold, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Furthermore, when Nietzsche is speaking out against disingenuous idealists, and those who would venerate principles like Germany, Germany, above all else he states I do not like them either, these newest speculators in idealism, the anti-semites (On the Genealogy of Morality, 114-115). Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (18441900) is the maverick as well as most-misrepresented and most-misunderstood within the Wests philosophical tradition. Hence we must take Nietzsche and Arendts warning seriously, so as not to confine our thinking only to the duties of an ideology which is not in accordance with what is objectively just. May 7, 2010. Nietzsche sees language in the ascetic ideal as following a similar pattern, especially when directed by the shepherd figure. Why is he deserving of blame, if everyday people would do the same thing in his position? Other considerations are white noise, and ignoring them is a self-sacrifice that not only must be made, but as Nietzsche says must be relished, for that is where meaning would be found for followers of the ascetic ideal. Many people who identified as Nazis early on during their regime may have believed in something very different than what Nazism was to become. J.P. Stern goes so far as to say that no one came closer to embodying Nietzsches model of personal authenticity, which consists in creating ones values for oneself, than Adolf Hitler (A Study of Nietzsche, 117). The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany. God loved us (1 John 4:19) and saw us, down to our sinful foundations (Hebrews 4:13), yet his love persisted. Typical values have been entirely turned upside down. (UBC Arts One, Dr. Sylvia Berryman Seminar). A new dawn. He suggests that those who would like to study ressentimentup close should observe anarchists and anti-semites (On the Genealogy of Morality, 48). Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a. The golden calf is not to replace the true self as the object of worship. However, if we are really so susceptible to the grasp of ideology, if just anyone could be like Eichmann, then why is he on trial? Kerouacs own philosophical basis for self-ultimacy rested within Part 1, Chapter 22 of Friedrich Nietzsches philosophical text, Thus Spake Zarathustra, and he quoted the most relevant part of it in his journal: Now I bid you lose me and find yourselves; 'Statements of value', which encompass ethics and aesthetics, and are studied via axiology. Nazism progresses further and further into what Nietzsche would call a will to nothingness over time. It is this anger that fuels the popularity of the Nazis. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. I initially had trouble grasping how such an extreme claim could be true, but in seeing the way that every traditional commandment is inverted, Nietzsches claim is certainly no exaggeration for Nazi Germany, and is precisely true of Nazisms end goal. Rather, a strong (active) will would be the mark of an admirable or superior person. The idea behind Nietzsche's Eternal Return is as follows -- if you are truly content with your life, you would choose, in a theoretical scenario, to live the same life over and over again, for all eternity. Perhaps one of Nietzsche's greatest contributions to philosophy is his idea of the Eternal Return -- if you would get to live the same life you've been living, for all of eternity, would you choose it? This requires he contradict himself routinely so that the Fuhrers will remains law. The Fhrer will never permit it. Nietzsche cautions readers to avoid the temptation to see his essay as a mere from PH 101 at Riverside City College The person who is willing to do the most cruel and horrible tasks is the person who is therefore most committed to this new and inverted notion of what is good. If we organize ourselves according to an ideal which is a will to nothing, the logical conclusion could only be the creation of death camps. Nations have grown so large that community has been replaced by nationalism (ideology), and the lack of actual community with ones neighbours makes it much easier to invert values which would have their strength exactly in serving the community. The same experiences, same routine, same people -- would you do it, if it entails living forever? The turning inward of suffering, as in being willing to sacrifice yourself to carry out these unpleasant tasks, is essential to the ascetic ideal. This quote may not need much explaining. A shift in language of this manner not only removes guilt, but also inspires glory.
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